Optimasi Ukuran Umbi dan Produktivitas Bawang Putih pada Musim Hujan melalui Pengaturan Kombinasi Jarak Tanam dan Jumlah Benih per Lubang
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Abstract
Bawang putih merupakan komoditas strategis nasional yang umumnya dibudidayakan pada musim kemarau. Ketergantungan pasokan nasional yang tinggi pada impor serta terbatasnya luas panen menuntut upaya perluasan areal tanam, termasuk potensi pengembangan budidaya pada musim hujan. Budidaya pada musim hujan dihadapkan pada kendala tingginya kelembaban udara dan fluktuasi curah hujan yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan serta pembentukan umbi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh pengaturan kombinasi jarak tanam dan jumlah benih terhadap ukuran umbi dan produktivitas bawang putih pada musim hujan. Percobaan dilaksanakan di Lembang, Jawa Barat, menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) non-faktorial dengan empat ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri atas satu faktor berupa kombinasi jarak tanam (20 cm x 20 cm dan 25 cm x 25 cm) dan jumlah benih (1, 2, dan 3 siung). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jarak tanam 20 x 20 cm atau 25 x 25 cm dengan 1 siung benih menghasilkan pertumbuhan vegetatif dan ukuran umbi individu terbaik. Penggunaan 3 siung benih mampu meningkatkan hasil total per hektar, tetapi menurunkan bobot dan ukuran umbi individu akibat persaingan ketat antartanaman dalam pemanfaatan air, hara, cahaya, dan ruang tumbuh. Jarak tanam yang lebih lebar menghasilkan daun yang lebih besar, luas daun spesifik yang lebih tinggi, serta kandungan klorofil yang lebih tinggi. Ukuran umbi besar lebih banyak dihasilkan pada jarak tanam yang lebih lebar dengan jumlah benih yang lebih sedikit, sedangkan kepadatan populasi yang tinggi menghasilkan dominasi umbi berukuran kecil. Analisis korelasi menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan vegetatif yang optimal berkorelasi positif dengan ukuran dan bobot umbi, sementara hasil per hektar berkorelasi negatif dengan pertumbuhan vegetatif individu akibat kompensasi peningkatan jumlah populasi umbi kecil per satuan luas. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan petani untuk menyesuaikan jarak tanam dan jumlah benih dengan tujuan produksi, serta mempertimbangkan faktor iklim dan karakteristik varietas untuk mencapai hasil panen yang optimal
Keywords:
Bawang putih benih musim hujan jarak tanam populasi tanamanReferences
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